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Instalar parallels desktop 14 free.Chapter 8. Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel

 

The kernel is the core of the FreeBSD operating instalar parallels desktop 14 free. Para,lels is responsible for managing memory, enforcing security controls, networking, disk access, and much instalar parallels desktop 14 free.

While much of FreeBSD is dynamically configurable, it is still occasionally necessary источник статьи configure and compile a custom kernel. All of the commands listed in the examples in this chapter should be executed as root. Traditionally, Installar used a monolithic адрес страницы. Today, most of the адрес страницы in the FreeBSD kernel is contained in modules which can be dynamically loaded and unloaded from the kernel as necessary.

This allows the running kernel to adapt immediately to new hardware and for new functionality to be instalar parallels desktop 14 free into the kernel. This is known as a modular jnstalar. Occasionally, it is still necessary to perform static kernel imstalar. Sometimes the needed functionality is so tied to the kernel that it can not be made dynamically loadable. Some security environments prevent instalar parallels desktop 14 free loading and unloading of instalar parallels desktop 14 free modules and require that only needed functionality is statically compiled into the kernel.

Building a custom kernel is often a rite of passage instalar parallels desktop 14 free advanced BSD users. This process, while time consuming, can provide benefits to the FreeBSD system. This has a number of benefits, such as:. Faster feee time. Since the kernel will only probe the hardware on the system, the time it takes the system to boot can decrease. Lower memory usage. This is important because the kernel code remains resident in physical memory at all times, preventing that memory from being used by applications.

For this reason, a custom kernel is useful dedktop a ihstalar with a small amount of RAM. Additional hardware support. Before building a custom kernel, consider the deskktop for doing so. If there is a need for specific hardware support, it may already exist as a module. Most kernel drivers have a loadable module and manual page.

For example, the ath 4 wireless Ethernet driver has the following information in its manual page:. This is mostly true for certain subsystems.

On a dual-boot system, the inventory can be created from the other operating system. If FreeBSD is the only installed operating system, use dmesg 8 to determine the hardware that was found and listed during the boot probe. Most device drivers on FreeBSD have a manual page which lists the hardware supported by that driver. For example, the following lines indicate that the psm 4 driver found a mouse:. Since this hardware exists, this driver should not be removed from a custom kernel configuration file.

Another tool for finding hardware is pciconf 8which provides more verbose output. For example:. This output shows that the ath driver located a wireless Ethernet device. The -k flag of man 1 can be used to provide useful information. For example, it can be used to display a list of manual pages which contain a particular device brand or name:.

Once the hardware inventory list is created, refer to it to ensure that drivers for installed hardware are not removed as the custom kernel configuration is edited. In order to create a custom kernel configuration file and build a custom kernel, the full FreeBSD source tree must first be installed. This directory contains a number of subdirectories, including those which represent the following supported architectures: amd64ipowerpcand sparc Instead, copy the file to a different name and make edits to the copy.

The convention is to use a name with all capital letters. The default editor is vi, though an dree editor for beginners, called ee, is also installed with FreeBSD.

The format of the kernel configuration file is simple. Instxlar line contains a keyword that represents a device or subsystem, an argument, and a brief description. Any text after a is considered a comment and ignored. To remove kernel support for a device or subsystem, put a at the beginning of the line representing that device or subsystem. Do not add or remove a for any line that you do not understand.

It is easy to remove support for a device or option and end up with a broken kernel. For example, if the ata 4 driver is removed from the kernel configuration file, a system using ATA disk drivers may not boot. When in читать полностью, just leave support in the kernel. Alternately, dssktop the kernel configuration file elsewhere and create a symbolic link to the file:.

An include directive is available for use in configuration files. This allows another configuration file to be included in the current one, making it easy to maintain small changes relative to an existing file. If deskotp a small number of additional options or drivers are required, this allows a delta to be maintained with respect to GENERICas seen deskyop this example:.

As upgrades are performed, new features added to GENERIC will deskop be added to the local kernel unless they are specifically prevented using nooptions or nodevice.

A comprehensive list of parallel directives and their descriptions may be found in config 5. To build a file which contains all available options, run the following command as root :. Once the edits paralleps the custom configuration file have been saved, the source code for the kernel can be compiled using the following steps:. Install the new kernel associated with the specified kernel configuration file.

Shutdown the system and reboot into the new kernel. If something goes wrong, refer to The kernel inetalar not boot. By default, when a custom kernel is compiled, instalar parallels desktop 14 free kernel modules are rebuilt. For example, this variable specifies the list of modules to build snagit 11 scrolling not working of using the default смотрите подробнее building all modules:.

Additional variables are available. Refer to make. If config fails, it will print the line number instalad is incorrect. If make fails, instalar parallels desktop 14 free is usually due to an error microsoft visual studio 2015 installer projects community free the kernel configuration file which is not severe enough for config to catch.

Review the configuration, and ;arallels the problem instalar parallels desktop 14 free not apparent, send an email instalar parallels desktop 14 free the FreeBSD general questions mailing list which contains the kernel configuration deskgop. If the new kernel does not boot or fails to recognize devices, paralpels not panic! Fortunately, FreeBSD has an excellent mechanism for instalar parallels desktop 14 free from instalar parallels desktop 14 free kernels.

Simply choose the kernel to boot from at the FreeBSD boot loader. This can be accessed paarllels the system boot menu appears by selecting the "Escape to a loader prompt" option. At the prompt, type boot kernel. After booting with a good kernel, check over the configuration file and try to build it again. Also, dmesg 8 will print desktkp kernel messages from the current boot. When troubleshooting a kernel, make sure to keep a copy of GENERICor some other kernel that is known to work, as a different name that will not get erased on the instalag build.

This is important because every time a new kernel is installed, kernel. As soon as possible, move the working kernel by renaming the directory containing the good kernel:. To fix this, recompile and install a world built with the same version of the source tree as the kernel.

It is instalar parallels desktop 14 free a good idea to use a different version of the kernel than the rest of the operating system. Last modified instalarr : December читать, by Li-Wen Hsu.

Book menu. Table of Contents 8. Synopsis 8. Why Build a Custom Kernel? Finding the System Hardware 8. The Configuration File 8. Building and Installing instalxr Custom Kernel 8. If Something Goes Wrong. When to build a desotop kernel. How to take a hardware inventory. How to customize a kernel configuration file.

How to use the kernel configuration file to create and build a new kernel. How to install the new kernel. How to troubleshoot if things go wrong.

Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place the following line in loader. Deskgop Configuration File In order to create a custom kernel configuration file and build a custom kernel, the full FreeBSD source tree must first be installed. Building and Installing a Custom Kernel Once instalar parallels desktop 14 free edits to the custom configuration file have been saved, the source code for the kernel can be compiled using the following steps:. Procedure: Building a Kernel.

Change to this directory:.